Assessing the impact of green concrete mixtures on. Fly ash and blast furnace slag for cement manufacturing gbfs is slag from the iron production in basic oxygen furnaces. Trbs national cooperative highway research program nchrp synthesis 435. This investigation revisits the prior work done in this area by whitaker 3 and further. The use of slag cement has demonstrated longterm performance enhancements allowing designers to reduce the environmental footprint of concrete while ensuring improved performance and increased. Recycled materials and byproducts in highway applicationsslag byproducts, volume 5 summarizes the results of a project that describes the experiences of transportation agencies in determining the relevant properties of slag byproducts and the beneficial use for highway applications.
While there are many applications and benefits of slag cement, a few are highlighted below and detailed information sheets are located here. Comparisons of energy consumption required to produce types of cement 4. In 1862, a granulation process was proposed to facilitate removal and. Historically slag was utilised in the production of high slag blends for marine and sulfate resistance in major civil works for it is in these applications that the longterm properties of slag cements are ideal. Nonmetallic slag, slag cement, hydraulic slag cement note. Blast furnace slag cement is the mixture of ordinary portland cement and fine granulated blast furnace slag obtained as a by product in the manufacture of steel with percent under 70% to that of cement. Based on laboratory trials, including assessing the concrete properties for plastic cracking.
Characteristics of portland blastfurnace slag cement. Properties of blastfurnace slag cement concrete subjected to. Slag cement is a recovered byproduct of the iron manufacturing process and can be used to replace a portion of portland cement in concrete mix design. After a comparison of the two techniques, this paper presents the results of permeability and unconfined compressive strength tests on twentyone different mixtures of slag cement bentonite slag cb. Program ii also included mixtures containing different replacement levels of slag cement cast with either limestone or granite coarse aggregate. Modified portland cement portland pozzolan cement, pozzolanmodified portland cement, slagmodified portland cement page 2 of 3 procedure agreement the listed manufacturers are approved to ship blended cement in accord with the attached agreement. The products from the manganese ferroalloy industry includ e an alloy and slag.
Ground granulated blast furnace slag replacing the portland cement by ggbs helps in reducing co emissions and in conserving 2 non renewable resources of lime stone. The primary ingredient of slag cement is granulated blast furnace slag gbfs that is ground to a fine powder. A total of 28 field sites that included portland cement concrete pavements and bridge decks containing slag cement were evaluated. By the 1950s, the advances made in both the slag removal and the granulation processes resulted in it being used as an entirely separate product that was added at the concrete mixer. The hydration reaction forms a gellike material called calcium silicate hydrate. Pdf a ground blastfurnace granulated slag used in the production of construction materials and items differs in its chemical composition, dispersion. As a result, we changed the title of our report to assessing the impact of green concrete mixtures on building construction. Structural and durability properties of concrete made with. We promote the increased use and acceptance of these products by coordinating the resources of member companies. The contractor may use slag cement and fly ash as an optional portion of the cementing material with portland cement. Portland blastfurnace slag cement is a mixture of ordinary portland cement and not more than 65 wt. The use of slag in concrete results in improved workability due to the thixotropic nature of cement slag pastes, and better particle dispersion and lubrication of the mix by the finer slag grains.
Slag is a byproduct of the iron manufacturing process. Substance portland clinker cement flue dust from production of cement clinker einecs 2660434 2706599 cas 65997151 68475763 effects. The intent is to avoid using highly porous, absorptive aggregates because extra water and cement or asphalt is needed to make a good mix. It is generally recognized that the rate of hardening of slag cement is somewhat slower than that of ordinary portland cement during the first 28 days but thereafter increases so that at 12 months the strengths become close to or even exceed those of. Cements composition, types finish up cement manufacture properties of component phases types of cements chapter 2 properties of concrete neville chapter 6 concrete. Epa ofice of water facilities epa833f06020 december 2006 what is the npdes stormwater permitting program for industrial activity. Standard specification for slag cement for use in concrete. Slag particles are however angular, unlike spherical fly ash particles, and produce only a slight reduction in water demand. Concrete with slag cement will have a slower rate of strength gain than concrete made with 100 percent portland cement. Merge pdf files combine pdfs in the order you want with the easiest pdf merger available. Metallothermic production of cement extender from manganese waste slags w. Technical data applicable standards astm international astm c989 standard specification for slag cement for use in concrete and mortars slag cement is manufactured to conform to the requirements of astm c989. Use of ggbs in concrete is recognized by leed leadership in energy and environmental design and add points towards its.
Two major uses of ggbs 2 are in the production of qualityimproved slag cement, namely portland blast furnace cement pbfc and high slag blastfurnace cement hsbfc, with ggbs content ranging typically from 30 to 70% and in the production of readymixed or sitebatched durable concrete. When this slag is actively cooled and ground, gbfs is produced, which can be utilised as a cement or concrete addition. The slag cement association is the leading source of knowledge on blastfurnace slagbased cementitious products. Symbols and units athermal diffusivity m2s1 cp heat capacity jk1 mol or kg. Slag cement can therefore be substituted for opc in a wide range of equal mass replacement ratios. Lightweight cement aggregates are just one of the many and varied uses for this byproduct of the iron and steel industry. Section 601 portland cement concrete for pavements 601.
Its earliest use was documented in 1774, when it was combined with slaked lime and used as a mortar. Slag cement is a hydraulic cement formed when granulated blast furnace slag ggbfs is ground to suitable fineness and is used to replace a portion of portland cement. In c219, slag cement is defined as a blend of granulated blastfurnace slag and hydrated lime in which the slag constituent is more than a specified minimum. Slag cement currently used, excellent solution geographically limited good performance both as a cement replacement and as an asr mitigator concerns about scaling lets start curing concrete. Slag cement can be shipped by bulk, in barge, rail or truck quantities, as measured in metric tons. Nonmetallic slag, slag cement, hydraulic slag cement, slag note. Pdf the properties of slag cement and its influence on.
Slag cement has been manufactured widely in the united states for over 30 years. Effect of steel slag and portland cement in the rate of hydration and. Introduction to concrete portland cement association. Lagendijk mintek, randburg introduction southern africa has a rich history in the pyrometallurgical processing of ores. Pdf effect of slag cement on drying shrinkage of concrete. Table 1 shows the requirements of astm c989 for each grade of ground granulated blastfurnace slag. Concrete containing slagment is therefore less likely to exhibit the problem of efflorescence. Metallothermic production of cement extender from manganese. Slag cement currently used, excellent solution geographically limited good performance both as a cement replacement and as an asr mitigator concerns about scaling lets start curing concrete again.
The session will wrap up with case study examples of projects that used slag cement. To manufacture cement, limestone, sand, and other additives are combined in rotating kilns at temperatures of up to 1450c. Individual composition of hazardous constituents will vary between slag types. Mar 18, 2020 slag cement blended with portland cement first appeared in germany in 1892, and four years later was introduced to workers in the united states.
Evaluation of portland cement concrete pavement with high. Slag cement has actually been used in concrete projects in the united states for over a century. This report does not address slags derived from the smelting of materials other than iron ores. Ground granulated blastfurnace slag cement is a supplementary cementitious. Portland cement is a good catalyst for activation of slag because it contains the three main chemical components that activate slag. Slag cement is commonly found in readymixed concrete, precast concrete, masonry, soil cement and high temperature resistant building products. When mixed with water and portland cement the traditional way that slag cement is used, the concrete sets and hardens into a solid monolithic mass. The material described in this specification may be used for blending with portland cement to produce a cement meeting the requirements of specification c595c595m or as a separate ingredient in concrete or mortar mixtures. While this is a new method of use in this country, the cementitious material is not new. Organic impurities are the only concern in fine aggregates.
Until the 1950s, ggbfs was used in production of cement or as a cementitious material in two basic ways. It is a recovered industrial byproduct of an iron blast furnace. Aci documents are requested to contact aci via the errata website at. Sds files lafarge canada cement, concrete and aggregates.
The use of slag cement as a cementitious material dates back to 1774, when a mortar was made using slag cement in combination with slaked lime mather 1957. For more information call 0 cement 0 236 368 or visit au safety data sheet ground granulated blast furnace slag section 1. Pdf the properties of slag cement and its influence on the. This cement was first used commercially in germany in the 1860s, and it was such a success that engineers in 1889 decided to build the paris underground metro using slag lime cement. A ferrous slag produced during the production of iron as a result of removing impurities from iron ore. Slag bos and portland cement opc on the compressive strength and the. To change the order of your pdfs, drag and drop the files as you want. It is manufactured from specially selected granulated iron blast furnace slag. Ground granulated slag, combined with portland cement in the mixer, is the subject of discussion at this forum. National slag nsa 1814 association slag cement nsa summary of a presentation by rene galibert at march 1981 tcmc and executive committee meetings this discussion will cover the following points. Types of portland cement portland cement is a closely controlled chemical combination of calcium, silicon, aluminum, iron and small amounts of other compounds, to which gypsum is added in the final grinding process to regulate the setting time of the concrete. Blast furnance slag user guideline portland cement. Effects of ground granulated blast furnace slag in. Iron cement or eisen cement, which is a mixture of slag and ordinary portland cement.
Ggbfs and lds both have been used as cementations material binder with some alkali activator and the resulting binder is termed as slagcemii. Evaluation of chloride limits for reinforced concrete phase a. Pdf cement types, composition, uses and advantages of. Slag cement is a byproduct of the ironmaking process and is composed primarily of silica and calcium. Most aci standards and committee reports are gathered together in the annually revised aci manual. Slagment is a general purpose blended cement complying with as 3972 type gb. Some of the raw materials used to manufacture cement are limestone, shells, and chalk or. Types of cement where the blast furnace slag is used in turkey and sales figures for 2006. Influence of ground granulated blast furnace slag cement in. The properties of slag cement and its influence on the structure of the hardened cement paste article pdf available in procedia engineering 150. Cooled slag, nonmetallic slag, slag cement, hydraulic slag cement, slag synonyms.
The majority of cement shipments are sent to readymixed concrete producers figure 16. Documents in econstor may be saved and copied for your. Cement producers will typically build up inventories during the winter and then ship themduring the summer figure 15. Sca slag cement association slag cement association 38800 country club farmmgton hills, mi 4833 1 phone. In fine particle form, slag cement displays cementitious qualities similar to those of ordinary portland cement opc. Safety data sheet ground granulated blast furnace slag. The effect of a partial replacement of cement with slag cement on free shrinkage is evaluated for curing periods between 3 and 28 days. Environmental benefits comparison of slag cement and fly ash in 3,000 psi concrete comparison with fly ash concrete substituting fly ash for portland cement is another way to make concrete greener. Slag has increasingly become an important part of the cement market both internationally and in south africa where 850 000 tons of blastfurnace slag are produced per annum. The material has glassy structure and is ground to less than 45 microns.
Fly ash and blast furnace slag for cement manufacturing. Groundgranulated blast furnace slag is highly cementitious and high in csh calcium silicate hydrates which is a strength enhancing. The cities where canadians live, work, and raise their families along with the communitys infrastructure benefit from the solutions provided by lafarge consisting of aggregates, asphalt and paving, cement, precast concrete, readymix concrete and road construction. Technical issues related to the use of fly ash and slag during the latefall low temperature construction season introduction current indot specifications section 501. Ggbfs can be used as partial replacement for portland cement, or, if not finely ground, as concrete aggregate. Glass, clay, cement, concrete, and gypsum product manufacturing u. Slag cement is often referred to as ground granulated blastfurnace slag ggbfs.
They include portland cement as covered by aashto m85 2, portland blast furnace slag cement blended cement type is, and slag cement slag cement type s as per aashto m240. Trial batches percentage of coarse aggregate can be will determine proper admixture used to increase strength and reduce. In recent times fly ash supply has been less reliable, and the rms specification 3211 cements, binders and fillers 4, allows for varying quantities of slag cement as a direct replacement. Some iron and steel slags are returned to the furnaces as ferrous and flux feed. Ash, slag cement, and silica fume in concrete is as primary binder, cement replacement, cement replacement, cement replacement, and property enhancer, respectively 16. Slag cement when incorporated into a mix design will extend the set time, the increase in set time is inversely proportional to the concrete temperature and proportional to amount of slag cement in a mix design. National slag nsa 18 association durability of slag cement concretes by donald w. Deicer scaling resistance of concrete pavements, bridge decks. Gbfs is said to increase durability of concrete due to an increased setting time, which reduces. Mixtures include concrete containing different replacement. Slag portland cement, which may be a true portland cement.
These documents will give you a basic introduction to the nsa and the sources and uses of slag and slag based products. Portland cement, portland cement with fly ash, portland cement with ground limestone, portland cement with blast furnace slag, portland pozzolan cement and composite cement. As evidence of the rtas commitment to the increased use. Activities, such as material handling and storage, equipment maintenance and cleaning, industrial. Later it was shown that slag concrete could be used in many different conditions. References recycled materials and byproducts in highway. Key constituents used to manufacture cement include limestone, shells, and chalk or marl combined with shale, clay, slate, blast furnace slag, silica sand, and iron ore. Therefore, the standard specifications limit the amount of deleterious constituents to a level consistent with the quality sought in the final product.
The goal of this study was to increase the bearing capacity of cement stabilized soil system by addition of furnace steel slag, which will also result in a consumption of waste produced in large quantities. Technical issues related to the use of fly ash and slag. Intended use of the product slag is used as a supplementary cementitious material for cement, concrete and concrete products. This report addresses the use of slag cement as a separate cementitious material added along with portland cement in the production of concrete. Ground granulated blast furnace slag cement ggbfs is a fine glassy granules which contain cementatious properties. Guide to the use of slag cement in concrete and mortar. Quick quenching chilling of molten slag yields glassy, granular product which can be ground to a fine, powdered hydraulic cement. However, some aggregates, such as blast furnace slag, may be used despite their high absorptive capacity because of. Page 3 blastfurnace slag uses in cements, where it maintains its separate identity and is a cementitious component, are divided by lea6 into three categories. Compared to the blended cements used in the past, the new. Identification of the material and supplier company details cement australia pty limited abn 75 104 053 474 18 station avenue darra, queensland 4076 tel. Lewis march, 1981 slag cement durability has been frequently questioned from many aspects of service requirements since the first development of their use. Sp average compressive strength of slag reference cement mortar cubes at designated ages, mpa psi p average compressive strength of reference cement mortar cubes at designated ages,mpa psi.
Modified portland cement portland pozzolan cement, pozzolanmodified portland cement, slag modified portland cement page 2 of 3 procedure agreement the listed manufacturers are approved to ship blended cement in accord with the attached agreement. This work consists of providing and placing a concrete mixture of portland cement, blended portland cement, supplemental cementitious materials, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, water, and admixtures, combined in proportions for the grades of concrete required. National ready mixed concrete association, silver spring, md. Slag cement processing slag is used by cement companies in the following way to obtain a uniform product.
Blastfurnace slag is used in makingfour classes of cement puzzolan, or ordinary slag cement, usually simply called slag cement. The initial phase of this project was conducted to determine whether adding slag cement to concrete mixtures increases the surface scaling caused by the routine application of deicer salt. Effects of ground granulated blast furnace slag in portland. The report still covers construction rather than performance. Groundgranulated blastfurnace slag ggbs or ggbfs is obtained by quenching molten iron slag a byproduct of iron and steelmaking from a blast furnace in water or steam, to produce a glassy, granular product that is then dried and ground into a fine powder. Modified portland cement portlandpozzolan cement, pozzolan. Blast furnace slag cementsfly ash reference properties. I had practically used ppc cement in almost all projects. Influence of ground granulated blast furnace slag cement. Vicroads shares the same commitment to the use of recycled materials and supported the publication of that original document. Blast furnace slag cement manufacture, properties and uses. Ground granulated blast furnace slag consist essentially silicates and alumino silicates of calcium. As evidence of the rtas commitment to the increased use of.
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